Dr. Schmank's Academic Website

Getting Started

Sat, 17 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Quick Start from Template

Create a site

Configure your new site

Add your content

Publish your site

Your site will automatically publish ~1-5 minutes after you commit (save) changes to files in your GitHub repository.

Let’s customize your new site:

Project Structure Configuration Create content

Customizing Hugo

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

View the full docs at

Project Structure

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Folder Structure

There are 4 main folders for Hugo-based sites:

content/ for your Markdown-formatted content files (homepage, etc.)
- _index.md the homepage (Hugo requires that the homepage and archive pages have an underscore prefix)
assets/
- media/ for your media files (images, videos)
  - icons/custom/ upload any custom SVG icons you want to use
config/_default/ for your site configuration files
- hugo.yaml to configure Hugo (site title, URL, Hugo options, setup per-folder page features)
- module.yaml to install or uninstall Hugo themes and plugins
- params.yaml to configure Hugo Blox options (SEO, analytics, site features)
- menus.yaml to configure your menu links (if the menu is enabled in params.yaml)
- languages.yaml to configure your site’s language or to set language-specific options in a multilingual site
static/uploads/ for any files you want visitors to download, such as a PDF
go.mod sets the version of Hugo themes/plugins which your site uses

Hugo File Naming Convention

Hugo gives us two options to name standard page files: as TITLE/index.md or TITLE.md where TITLE is your page name.

The page name should be lowercase and using hyphens (-) instead of spaces.

Both approaches result in the same output, so you can choose your preferred approach to naming and organizing files. A benefit to the folder-based approach is that all your page’s files (such as images) are self-contained within the page’s folder, so it’s more portable if you wish to share the original Markdown page with someone.

The homepage is a special case as Hugo requires the homepage and listing pages to be named _index.md.

The docs navigation is automatically generated based on the content in the docs/ folder and is sorted alphabetically.

The order of pages can be changed by adding the weight parameter in the front matter of your Markdown files.

In the example below, the example.md page will appear before the test.md page as it has a lower weight:

Page example.md:

---
title: My Example
weight: 1
---

Page test.md:

---
title: My Test
weight: 2
---

Configuration

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The configuration of your site can be found in config/_default/.

Full Documentation

See

Links are automatically generated from the structure of your content directory. Simply add a folder to nest a page.

Extra Links

Additional links can be added under the sidebar section of your config/_default/menus.yaml:

menu:
 sidebar:
 - name: "Need help?"
 params:
 type: separator
 weight: 1
 - name: "A page"
 pageRef: "/page-filename-here"
 weight: 2
 - name: "An external link ↗"
 url: "https://hugoblox.com"
 weight: 3

A table of contents is automatically generated from the headings your Markdown file.

It can optionally be disabled by setting toc: false in the front matter of a page:

---
title: My Page
toc: false
---

STARS@SLU Invited Presentation

Thu, 04 Jun 2026 14:15:00 +0000

Does Emotion Suppression Impair Cognitive Ability?

Thu, 03 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

As we age the cognitive abilities and mechanisms associated with processing speed, executive functioning, inhibitory control, and working memory show relative declines; despite these declines, however, older adults are much more proficient at regulating their emotions and emotional behaviors—an experience that often requires the coordination of cognitive resources to achieve. The current project was conducted to understand whether effortful emotion regulation, specifically the suppression of negative emotion, was more cognitively taxing for young adult participants (between the ages of 18-30) than for older adult participants (above the age of 60). Data was collected online using CloudResearch and Prolific. This project was completed as one of two side projects of the DARCI Project and functioned as my PhD dissertation research topic.

Research question: Does aging impact how emotion regulation relates to processing speed performance? Regulating one’s emotions, especially suppression of an emotional response, requires cognitive resources to complete and is a process that involves constant monitoring and updating. Thus, while suppressing emotional experiences and behavior subsequent (i.e., concurrent) cognitive task performance should suffer due to overlapping/shared mental resources. Additionally, different outcomes were hypothesized for older compared to younger adults—specifically that the degree of impairment on subsequent cognitive tasks due to effortful emotion regulation usage would be greater for younger adults.

The dissertation project was successfully defended on April 3rd, 2025 and the manuscript was submitted as a preprint to PsyArXiv via the Open Science Framework.

E-Tea Presentation (March 2025): CGU Dissertation Defense Practice

Fri, 21 Mar 2025 12:15:00 +0000

E-Tea Presentation (April 2024): Invited Statistics Talk

Tue, 02 Apr 2024 13:00:00 +0000

SLU Mathematics & Statistics Department Colloquium Speaker Series (December 2023)

Fri, 08 Dec 2023 16:10:00 +0000

🎉 Easily create your own simple yet highly customizable blog

Fri, 27 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Welcome 👋

Table of Contents

Overview

The Hugo Blox website builder for Hugo, along with its starter templates, is designed for professional creators, educators, and teams/organizations - although it can be used to create any kind of site
The template can be modified and customised to suit your needs. It’s a good platform for anyone looking to take control of their data and online identity whilst having the convenience to start off with a no-code solution (write in Markdown and customize with YAML parameters) and having flexibility to later add even deeper personalization with HTML and CSS
You can work with all your favourite tools and apps with hundreds of plugins and integrations to speed up your workflows, interact with your readers, and much more

Get Started

Quick Start Guide

New to Hugo Blox? Follow these steps to get your site up and running in minutes!

👉
📚
💬 or
🐦 Twitter: #MadeWithHugoBlox
💡
⬆️ Updating Hugo Blox? View the and

Important

Remember to backup your site before making major updates!

Crowd-funded open-source software

To help us develop this template and software sustainably under the MIT license, we ask all individuals and businesses that use it to help support its ongoing maintenance and development via sponsorship.

As a token of appreciation for sponsoring, you can unlock awesome rewards and extra features 🦄✨

Ecosystem

: Automatically import publications from BibTeX

Inspiration

are building with this template.

Features

Enhanced Markdown Support

Hugo Blox now supports GitHub and Obsidian-style callouts! Use standard Markdown alert syntax like > [!NOTE] for better portability.

Page builder - Create anything with no-code and
Edit any type of content - Blog posts, publications, talks, slides, projects, and more!
Create content in , , or
Plugin System - Fully customizable
Display Code and Math - Code syntax highlighting and LaTeX math supported
Integrations - , , Maps, Contact Forms, and more!
Beautiful Site - Simple and refreshing one-page design
Industry-Leading SEO - Help get your website found on search engines and social media
Media Galleries - Display your images and videos with captions in a customizable gallery
Mobile Friendly - Look amazing on every screen with a mobile friendly version of your site
Multi-language - 35+ language packs including English, 中文, and Português
Multi-user - Each author gets their own profile page
Privacy Pack - Assists with GDPR
Stand Out - Bring your site to life with animation, parallax backgrounds, and scroll effects
One-Click Deployment - No servers. No databases. Only files.

Version Requirements

The new Markdown alert syntax requires Hugo v0.132.0 or later. Make sure you’re using a compatible version!

Themes

Hugo Blox and its templates come with automatic day (light) and night (dark) mode built-in. Visitors can choose their preferred mode by clicking the sun/moon icon in the header.

for your site. Themes are fully customizable.

License

Released under the license.

🧠 Sharpen your thinking with a second brain

Thu, 26 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Create a personal knowledge base and share your knowledge with your peers.

Hugo Blox web framework empowers you with one of the most flexible note-taking capabilities out there.

Create a powerful knowledge base that works on top of a local folder of plain text Markdown files.

Use it as your second brain, either publicly sharing your knowledge with your peers via your website, or via a private GitHub repository and password-protected site just for yourself.

Mindmaps

Hugo Blox supports a Markdown extension for mindmaps.

With this open format, can even edit your mindmaps in other popular tools such as Obsidian.

Simply insert a Markdown code block labelled as markmap and optionally set the height of the mindmap as shown in the example below.

Mindmaps can be created by simply writing the items as a Markdown list within the markmap code block, indenting each item to create as many sub-levels as you need:


```markmap {height="200px"}
- Hugo Modules
- Hugo Blox
- blox-plugins-netlify
- blox-plugins-netlify-cms
- blox-plugins-reveal
```

renders as

- Hugo Modules
- Hugo Blox
- blox-plugins-netlify
- blox-plugins-netlify-cms
- blox-plugins-reveal

Anh here’s a more advanced mindmap with formatting, code blocks, and math:


```markmap
- Mindmaps
- Links
- [Hugo Blox Docs](https://docs.hugoblox.com/)
- [Discord Community](https://discord.gg/z8wNYzb)
- [GitHub](https://github.com/HugoBlox/hugo-blox-builder)
- Features
- Markdown formatting
- **inline** ~~text~~ *styles*
- multiline
text
- `inline code`
-
```js
console.log('hello');
console.log('code block');
```
- Math: $x = {-b \pm \sqrt{b^2-4ac} \over 2a}$
```

renders as

- Mindmaps
- Links
- [Hugo Blox Docs](https://docs.hugoblox.com/)
- [Discord Community](https://discord.gg/z8wNYzb)
- [GitHub](https://github.com/HugoBlox/hugo-blox-builder)
- Features
- Markdown formatting
- **inline** ~~text~~ *styles*
- multiline
text
- `inline code`
-
```js
console.log('hello');
console.log('code block');
```
- Math: $x = {-b \pm \sqrt{b^2-4ac} \over 2a}$

Highlighting

Highlight important text with mark:

<mark>Highlighted text</mark>

Callouts

Use (aka asides, hints, or alerts) to draw attention to notes, tips, and warnings.

Use the > [!NOTE] syntax to create a callout.

> [!NOTE]
> A Markdown aside is useful for displaying notices, hints, or definitions to your readers.

renders as

Note

A Markdown aside is useful for displaying notices, hints, or definitions to your readers.

Or use the warning callout type so your readers don’t miss critical details:

Warning

A Markdown aside is useful for displaying notices, hints, or definitions to your readers.

📈 Communicate your results effectively with the best data visualizations

Wed, 25 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Hugo Blox is designed to give technical content creators a seamless experience. You can focus on the content and Hugo Blox handles the rest.

Use popular tools such as Plotly, Mermaid, and data frames.

Embed Rich Content

HuggingFace Model

google/embeddinggemma-300m

sentence-similarity

1.643375M

1.803k

HuggingFace Dataset

fka/prompts.chat

dataset

a.k.a. Awesome ChatGPT Prompts This is a Dataset Repository mirror of prompts.chat — a social platform for AI prompts. 📢 Notice This Hugging Face dataset is a mirror. For the …

35.492k

9.767k

GitHub Repository

kit

by HugoBlox • HTML

🧱 Describe your site, AI builds it, you own it as Markdown. Snap together Tailwind blocks like Lego — landing pages, blogs, portfolios, docs & more. No AI slop. Free to deploy anywhere 👇

2.948k

9.598k

academic blog documentation-tool +17

Custom embed with manual data

My Custom Resource

example.com

A great resource for learning

Custom Images

Embed beautiful images from any source with Hugo image processing (Unsplash, custom URLs, etc.):

Data Visualization Guide

example.com

Beautiful data visualization workspace

You can also add images to any platform embed:

plotly.py

by plotly • Python

The interactive graphing library for Python ✨

2.826k

778

18.687k

d3 dashboard declarative +11

Charts

Hugo Blox supports the popular format for interactive data visualizations. With Plotly, you can design almost any kind of visualization you can imagine!

Save your Plotly JSON in your page folder, for example line-chart.json, and then add the {{< chart data="line-chart" >}} shortcode where you would like the chart to appear.

Demo:

You might also find the useful.

Diagrams

Hugo Blox supports the Mermaid Markdown extension for diagrams.

An example flowchart:

```mermaid
graph TD
A[Hard] -->|Text| B(Round)
B --> C{Decision}
C -->|One| D[Result 1]
C -->|Two| E[Result 2]
```

renders as

graph TD A[Hard] -->|Text| B(Round) B --> C{Decision} C -->|One| D[Result 1] C -->|Two| E[Result 2]

An example sequence diagram:

```mermaid
sequenceDiagram
Alice->>John: Hello John, how are you?
loop Healthcheck
John->>John: Fight against hypochondria
end
Note right of John: Rational thoughts!
John-->>Alice: Great!
John->>Bob: How about you?
Bob-->>John: Jolly good!
```

renders as

sequenceDiagram Alice->>John: Hello John, how are you? loop Healthcheck John->>John: Fight against hypochondria end Note right of John: Rational thoughts! John-->>Alice: Great! John->>Bob: How about you? Bob-->>John: Jolly good!

An example class diagram:

```mermaid
classDiagram
Class01 <|-- AveryLongClass : Cool
Class03 *-- Class04
Class05 o-- Class06
Class07 .. Class08
Class09 --> C2 : Where am i?
Class09 --* C3
Class09 --|> Class07
Class07 : equals()
Class07 : Object[] elementData
Class01 : size()
Class01 : int chimp
Class01 : int gorilla
Class08 <--> C2: Cool label
```

renders as

classDiagram Class01 <|-- AveryLongClass : Cool Class03 *-- Class04 Class05 o-- Class06 Class07 .. Class08 Class09 --> C2 : Where am i? Class09 --* C3 Class09 --|> Class07 Class07 : equals() Class07 : Object[] elementData Class01 : size() Class01 : int chimp Class01 : int gorilla Class08 <--> C2: Cool label

An example state diagram:

```mermaid
stateDiagram
[*] --> Still
Still --> [*]
Still --> Moving
Moving --> Still
Moving --> Crash
Crash --> [*]
```

renders as

stateDiagram [*] --> Still Still --> [*] Still --> Moving Moving --> Still Moving --> Crash Crash --> [*]

Data Frames

Save your spreadsheet as a CSV file in your page’s folder and then render it by adding the Table shortcode to your page:

{{< table path="results.csv" header="true" caption="Table 1: My results" >}}

renders as

Table 1: My results
customer_id	score
1	0
2	0.5
3	1

Interactive Buttons

Add engaging call-to-action buttons to your data visualization posts:

Basic Buttons

Learn Plotly

{{< button url="/" >}}Contact Us{{< /button >}}

{{< button url="https://plotly.com/python/" new_tab="true" style="secondary" >}}Learn Plotly{{< /button >}}

Styled Buttons for Data Actions

View Dashboard

Download Data

View Source Code

{{< button url="#" style="primary" size="lg" align="center" icon="chart-bar" >}}View Dashboard{{< /button >}}

{{< button url="/data/results.csv" style="outline" icon="document-arrow-down" >}}Download Data{{< /button >}}

{{< button url="https://github.com/HugoBlox" new_tab="true" style="ghost" icon="arrow-top-right-on-square" icon_position="right" >}}View Source Code{{< /button >}}

Multiple Aligned Buttons

Try Jupyter

Open in Colab

{{< button url="https://jupyter.org/" new_tab="true" style="secondary" rounded="full" align="center" >}}Try Jupyter{{< /button >}}

{{< button url="https://colab.research.google.com/" new_tab="true" style="primary" rounded="full" align="center" icon="rocket-launch" >}}Open in Colab{{< /button >}}

👩🏼‍🏫 Teach academic courses

Tue, 24 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

is designed to give technical content creators a seamless experience. You can focus on the content and the Hugo Blox Builder which this template is built upon handles the rest.

Embed videos, podcasts, code, LaTeX math, and even test students!

On this page, you’ll find some examples of the types of technical content that can be rendered with Hugo Blox.

Citation

Here’s an example of citing a publication using the cite shortcode:

Christopher J. Schmank (2019). An example preprint / working paper.

Preprint Code Slides Dataset Poster Source Document Video Custom Link Preprint

You can also use the default view by omitting the view parameter:

Christopher J. Schmank

Equal contribution

, Robert Ford

Equal contribution

(2013). An example conference paper. In ICW.

PDF Code Dataset Slides Source Document Video PDF DOI

Video

Teach your course by sharing videos with your students. Choose from one of the following approaches:

Youtube:

{{< youtube D2vj0WcvH5c >}}

Bilibili:

{{< bilibili BV1WV4y1r7DF >}}

Video file

Videos may be added to a page by either placing them in your assets/media/ media library or in your , and then embedding them with the video shortcode:

{{< video src="my_video.mp4" controls="yes" >}}

Podcast

You can add a podcast or music to a page by placing the MP3 file in the page’s folder or the media library folder and then embedding the audio on your page with the audio shortcode:

{{< audio src="ambient-piano.mp3" >}}

Try it out:

Test students

Provide a simple yet fun self-assessment by revealing the solutions to challenges with the spoiler shortcode:

{{< spoiler text="👉 Click to view the solution" >}}
You found me!
{{< /spoiler >}}

renders as

👉 Click to view the solution

You found me 🎉

Math

Hugo Blox Builder supports a Markdown extension for $\LaTeX$ math. Enable math by setting the math: true option in your page’s front matter, or enable math for your entire site by toggling math in your config/_default/params.yaml file:

features:
 math:
 enable: true

To render inline or block math, wrap your LaTeX math with $...$ or $$...$$, respectively.

Example math block:

$$
\gamma_{n} = \frac{ \left | \left (\mathbf x_{n} - \mathbf x_{n-1} \right )^T \left [\nabla F (\mathbf x_{n}) - \nabla F (\mathbf x_{n-1}) \right ] \right |}{\left \|\nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n}) - \nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n-1}) \right \|^2}
$$

renders as

$$\gamma_{n} = \frac{ \left | \left (\mathbf x_{n} - \mathbf x_{n-1} \right )^T \left [\nabla F (\mathbf x_{n}) - \nabla F (\mathbf x_{n-1}) \right ] \right |}{\left \|\nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n}) - \nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n-1}) \right \|^2}$$

Example inline math $\nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n})$ renders as $\nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n})$.

Example multi-line math using the math linebreak (\\):

$$f(k;p_{0}^{*}) = \begin{cases}p_{0}^{*} & \text{if }k=1, \\
1-p_{0}^{*} & \text{if }k=0.\end{cases}$$

renders as

$$ f(k;p_{0}^{*}) = \begin{cases}p_{0}^{*} & \text{if }k=1, \\ 1-p_{0}^{*} & \text{if }k=0.\end{cases} $$

Code

Hugo Blox Builder utilises Hugo’s Markdown extension for highlighting code syntax. The code theme can be selected in the config/_default/params.yaml file.

```python
import pandas as pd
data = pd.read_csv("data.csv")
data.head()
```

renders as

import pandas as pd
data = pd.read_csv("data.csv")
data.head()

Inline Images

{{< icon name="python" >}} Python

renders as

Python

Embed Media

Tue, 24 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

is designed to give technical content creators a seamless experience. You can focus on the content and the Hugo Blox Builder which this template is built upon handles the rest.

Embed videos, podcasts, code, LaTeX math, and even test students!

On this page, you’ll find some examples of the types of technical content that can be rendered with Hugo Blox.

Video

Teach your course by sharing videos with your students. Choose from one of the following approaches:

Youtube:

{{< youtube w7Ft2ymGmfc >}}

Bilibili:

{{< bilibili id="BV1WV4y1r7DF" >}}

Video file

Videos may be added to a page by either placing them in your assets/media/ media library or in your , and then embedding them with the video shortcode:

{{< video src="my_video.mp4" controls="yes" >}}

Podcast

You can add a podcast or music to a page by placing the MP3 file in the page’s folder or the media library folder and then embedding the audio on your page with the audio shortcode:

{{< audio src="ambient-piano.mp3" >}}

Try it out:

Test students

Provide a simple yet fun self-assessment by revealing the solutions to challenges with the spoiler shortcode:

{{< spoiler text="👉 Click to view the solution" >}}
You found me!
{{< /spoiler >}}

renders as

👉 Click to view the solution

You found me 🎉

Math

Hugo Blox Builder supports a Markdown extension for $\LaTeX$ math. You can enable this feature by toggling the math option in your config/_default/params.yaml file.

To render inline or block math, wrap your LaTeX math with {{< math >}}$...${{< /math >}} or {{< math >}}$$...$${{< /math >}}, respectively.

Note

We wrap the LaTeX math in the Hugo Blox math shortcode to prevent Hugo rendering our math as Markdown. This callout now uses the standard Markdown alert syntax!

Example math block:

{{< math >}}
$$
\gamma_{n} = \frac{ \left | \left (\mathbf x_{n} - \mathbf x_{n-1} \right )^T \left [\nabla F (\mathbf x_{n}) - \nabla F (\mathbf x_{n-1}) \right ] \right |}{\left \|\nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n}) - \nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n-1}) \right \|^2}
$$
{{< /math >}}

renders as

Example inline math {{< math >}}$\nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n})${{< /math >}} renders as $\nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n})$ .

Example multi-line math using the math linebreak (\\):

{{< math >}}
$$f(k;p_{0}^{*}) = \begin{cases}p_{0}^{*} & \text{if }k=1, \\
1-p_{0}^{*} & \text{if }k=0.\end{cases}$$
{{< /math >}}

renders as

$$ f(k;p_{0}^{*}) = \begin{cases}p_{0}^{*} & \text{if }k=1, \\ 1-p_{0}^{*} & \text{if }k=0.\end{cases} $$

Code

Hugo Blox Builder utilises Hugo’s Markdown extension for highlighting code syntax. The code theme can be selected in the config/_default/params.yaml file.

```python
import pandas as pd
data = pd.read_csv("data.csv")
data.head()
```

renders as

import pandas as pd
data = pd.read_csv("data.csv")
data.head()

Inline Images

{{< icon name="python" >}} Python

renders as

Python

Experience

Tue, 24 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

✅ Manage your projects

Mon, 23 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Easily manage your projects - create ideation mind maps, Gantt charts, todo lists, and more!

Ideation

Hugo Blox supports a Markdown extension for mindmaps.

Simply insert a Markdown code block labelled as markmap and optionally set the height of the mindmap as shown in the example below.

Mindmaps can be created by simply writing the items as a Markdown list within the markmap code block, indenting each item to create as many sub-levels as you need:


```markmap {height="200px"}
- Hugo Modules
- Hugo Blox
- blox-plugins-netlify
- blox-plugins-netlify-cms
- blox-plugins-reveal
```

renders as

- Hugo Modules
- Hugo Blox
- blox-plugins-netlify
- blox-plugins-netlify-cms
- blox-plugins-reveal

Diagrams

Hugo Blox supports the Mermaid Markdown extension for diagrams.

An example Gantt diagram:

```mermaid
gantt
section Section
Completed :done, des1, 2014-01-06,2014-01-08
Active :active, des2, 2014-01-07, 3d
Parallel 1 : des3, after des1, 1d
Parallel 2 : des4, after des1, 1d
Parallel 3 : des5, after des3, 1d
Parallel 4 : des6, after des4, 1d
```

renders as

gantt section Section Completed :done, des1, 2014-01-06,2014-01-08 Active :active, des2, 2014-01-07, 3d Parallel 1 : des3, after des1, 1d Parallel 2 : des4, after des1, 1d Parallel 3 : des5, after des3, 1d Parallel 4 : des6, after des4, 1d

Todo lists

You can even write your todo lists in Markdown too:

- [x] Write math example
 - [x] Write diagram example
- [ ] Do something else

renders as

Write math example
- Write diagram example
Do something else

Applied Statistics Tutorials in R

Wed, 16 Aug 2023 00:00:00 +0000

At Saint Louis University the first-year graduate students participate in two statistics courses across their first academic year–Applied Univariate and Multivariate Statistics.

The connected OSF page contains the various statistical tutorials for the Univariate Statistics course with a link to the Multivariate course. However, interested users can use the following hyperlinks for direct access:

Applied Univariate Statistics OSF Page

Applied Multivariate Statistics OSF Page

Additionally, you can find the same information and tutorials by visiting my GitHub page. They are located in the PSY 5790 and PSY 6500 Repository Folders:

PSY 5790 - Applied Univariate Statistics

PSY 6500 - Applied Multivariate Statistics

Age Differences Among Psychometric Models of Intelligence

Mon, 20 Apr 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The positive manifold is one of the most frequently replicated findings in cognitive psychology and has often been explored using factor analysis (Spearman, 1904; Conway & Kovacs, 2013). Well-known models of cognition are typically organized such that manifest variables load onto respective latent factors representing specific cognitive abilities, and some posit a higher-order factor of general ability, g. It has been well established that cognitive abilities change across the lifespan (Craik & Salthouse, 2011), yet there is less work examining how factor models of cognitive ability compare across different age groups.

The current project used data from the Hungarian-Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-fourth edition (H-WAISIV; Weschler; 2008) to compare models of cognitive ability for both young (18-40 years) and older adults (65 + years). An exploratory factor analysis conducted on the young adult data (n = 457) produced a four factor model that explained 67% of the variance in the data. This factor structure was then used to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the older adult data (n = 305). The CFA produced good fit to the data, that was not significantly improved by adding a higher-order factor. Finally, in line with recent criticisms of using latent variable modeling (see Borsboom, Mellenbergh, & van Heerden, 2003) an exploratory psychometric network analysis was conducted on young adult data and a confirmatory psychometric network analysis was then applied to the older adult data, which produced similar, well-fitting results.

Intriguingly, the older adult network demonstrates stronger connections between all measures sampled by the H-WAISIV, as indicated by the thicker blue edges or lines connecting nodes or measures in the network. This implies that performance on these psychological tasks were more related for older adults compared to their young adult counterparts. More research is required to explain what these psychometric networks indicate, however, additional research has indicated that psychometric networks fit intelligence data as well if not better than latent variable models.

The DARCI Project

Mon, 20 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The goal of this multi-study research project was the assessment of the psychological constructs of Crystallized Intelligence (i.e., general knowledge) and Fluid Intelligence (i.e., reasoning) data as well as novel data on adult Rationality (i.e., good thinking) among age groups of younger and older adults. This is one of the first online efforts to gather this type of individual differences data, and the establishment of the underlying structure of responses for both young and older adult participants would be a first for Intelligence and Rationality data of this sort. We were also interested in whether tasks that measure Rationality share more variance with tests of Crystallized Intelligence or Fluid Intelligence. Manuscripts are in-progress for this research.

Psychometric Network Model of Intelligence

Tue, 20 Aug 2019 00:00:00 +0000

The positive manifold—the finding that cognitive ability measures demonstrate positive correlations with one another—has led to models of intelligence that include a general cognitive ability or general intelligence (g). This view has been reinforced using factor analysis and latent variable models. However, a new theory of intelligence, Process Overlap Theory (POT; Kovacs & Conway, 2016), posits that g is not a psychological attribute but an index of cognitive abilities that results from an interconnected network of cognitive processes. From this perspective, psychometric network analysis is an attractive alternative to latent variable modeling. Network analyses display partial correlations among observed variables that demonstrate direct relationships among observed variables. To demonstrate the benefits of this approach, the Hungarian Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Fourth Edition (H-WAIS-IV; Wechsler, 2008) was analyzed using both psychometric network analysis and latent variable modeling. Network models were directly compared to latent variable models. Results indicate that the H-WAIS-IV data was better fit by network models than by latent variable models. We argue that POT, and network models, provide a more accurate view of the structure of intelligence than traditional approaches.

At the outset of my doctoral program at Claremont Graduate University (Fall, 2017) my academic mentor, Andrew R.A. Conway, PhD. described psychometric network modeling as a complimentary and adventageous statistical tool developed that could be implemented in our research lab ( .

An example preprint / working paper

Sun, 07 Apr 2019 00:00:00 +0000

This work is driven by the results in my on LLMs.

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Psychometric Network Model of Cognitive Ability

Mon, 20 Aug 2018 00:00:00 +0000

The positive manifold is one of the most replicated findings in the psychological sciences. The positive manifold refers to the finding of all positive correlations among a number of cognitive ability measurements, such that participants who score above average on one test (e.g., vocabulary) also score above average on other tests (e.g., mathematics). In the field of psychometrics, factor analysis is the primary statistical technique used to investigate the underlying structure of intelligence. Charles Spearman (1904) formulated the original factor model of general intelligence (g), which resulted in a single, explanatory factor of cognitive ability. This one-factor view of g was met with criticism, which led to the generation of many different factor models over the years.

A recent example is the Cattel-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence. The CHC model initially saw the fractionation of g into a continuum of fluid (Gf) to crystallized (Gc) intelligence factors (Cattel, 1941; Horn, 1965) but later led to Carroll’s three-stratum hierarchical theory (1993). Thus, the CHC model consists of three differentiated levels: 1. observed measurements (e.g., vocabulary, mathematics) are located at the lowest-level; 2. broad cognitive abilities (e.g., short-term memory, crystalized intelligence) explain variation at the next level; and 3. g is located at the highest-level and explains the variation among mid-level cognitive ability factors. The CHC model provides a good fit to data yet after a century of research since the original formulation of Spearman’s g, the debate over exactly what g is and how g is structured continues (c.f., Kovacs & Conway, 2016; Protzko, 2017).

Recently, a number of articles have been published employing an alternative statistical technique to factor analysis called network modeling (cf., Epskamp & Fried, 2017; McNalley, 2006; van der Maas et al., 2017). In network models, partial correlation coefficients are calculated to establish the association between pairs of observed variables (referred to as nodes). It is typical for clusters of nodes that load together on a particular factor to be located more closely in these models than two variables that load on separate or orthogonal factors, although no factors are actually generated when utilizing network models, so there is no g (for an example, see Figure 4 of van der Maas et al., 2017). The primary advantage of network models is that instead of attempting to interpret subjective factors researchers can shift their focus to specific measurements and the one-to-one associations that exist between them (Guyon, Falissard, & Kop, 2017).

The primary objective of the current project was to develop a network model of intelligence based on data from the Woodcock-Johnson test published in Carroll (2003). From a philosophical perspective, we believe that network models avoid the intrinsic disadvantages associated with factor analysis because the nodes represent observed data instead of unobserved and difficult to interpret factors. Additionally, we argue that network models are superior to factor models when examining changes in intelligence, either as a function of developmental (in children and the elderly) or as a function of cognitive training (e.g., working memory training).

An example journal article

Tue, 01 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

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Tip-of-the-Tongue Research

Wed, 20 Aug 2014 00:00:00 +0000

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon occurs during language production when an individual experiences problematic language production even though they are aware of and know the word or name they are attempting to produce. In that moment, language production fails and they are unable to produce the word or name they are targeting. This phenomenon results in a feeling as if the word/name is on the tip of the tongue (i.e., that production of the word or name is imminent) and is often associated with feelings of frustration.

This phenomenon has been studied in laboratory settings by presenting participants with word definitions (“What is the name of the hair spider with a painful but non-venomous bite?”) or photos of celebrities or otherwise famous individuals. These stimuli provide the participant with semantic information associated with the word or famous name of interest, however, often the syntactic information (i.e., linguistic elements or phonemes) needed for successful language production is lacking or missing completely.

As a research assistant during my bachelor’s (Saint Louis University) and master’s program (University of Colorado Colorado Springs) was heavily focused on the impact of psychosocial factors on language producation ability. For instance, in one study it was determined that increased levels of psychosocial stress led participants to report higher proportions of language production failures, qualified by tip-of-the-tongue occurrences. Later, it was demonstrated that participants who believed they were being observed during a language production task following a high-stress induction condition experienced greater degrees of language production failures.

The connected OSF page contains three posters and two publications. Posters were submitted to the American Psychological Association Conference (2013) and Psychonomic Society Conferences (2014; 2016). Publications concern experimental psychological research conducted at both Saint Louis University (James et al., 2017) and the University of Colorado Colorado Springs (Schmank & James, 2019)

An example conference paper

Mon, 01 Jul 2013 00:00:00 +0000

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Buttons

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A modern, customizable button shortcode with gradient styling, icons, and smart link handling.

Basic Usage

Visit External Site

The above buttons are created with:

{{< button url="/contact" >}}Contact Us{{< /button >}}

{{< button url="https://example.com" new_tab="true" style="secondary" >}}Visit External Site{{< /button >}}

Style Variants

Primary (Default)

Primary Button

{{< button url="#" style="primary" >}}Primary Button{{< /button >}}

Secondary

Secondary Button

{{< button url="#" style="secondary" >}}Secondary Button{{< /button >}}

Outline

Outline Button

{{< button url="#" style="outline" >}}Outline Button{{< /button >}}

Ghost

Ghost Button

{{< button url="#" style="ghost" >}}Ghost Button{{< /button >}}

Sizes

Extra Large

{{< button url="#" size="sm" >}}Small Button{{< /button >}}
{{< button url="#" size="md" >}}Medium Button{{< /button >}}
{{< button url="#" size="lg" >}}Large Button{{< /button >}}
{{< button url="#" size="xl" >}}Extra Large{{< /button >}}

Alignment

Left (Default)

Left Aligned

Center

Center Aligned

Right

Right Aligned

{{< button url="#" align="left" >}}Left Aligned{{< /button >}}
{{< button url="#" align="center" >}}Center Aligned{{< /button >}}
{{< button url="#" align="right" >}}Right Aligned{{< /button >}}

With Icons

Icon Before Text

Download

Icon After Text

Continue

{{< button url="#" icon="arrow-down-tray" >}}Download{{< /button >}}
{{< button url="#" icon="arrow-right" icon_position="right" >}}Continue{{< /button >}}

Rounded Corners

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Large Radius

Pill Shape

Pill Button

{{< button url="#" rounded="sm" >}}Small Radius{{< /button >}}
{{< button url="#" rounded="md" >}}Medium Radius{{< /button >}}
{{< button url="#" rounded="lg" >}}Large Radius{{< /button >}}
{{< button url="#" rounded="full" >}}Pill Button{{< /button >}}

Advanced Examples

Call-to-Action Button

Get Started Today

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External Link with New Tab

View on GitHub

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Download Button

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Parameters

Parameter	Type	Default	Description
`url`	string	`#`	Required. Button destination URL (internal or external)
`text`	string	Inner content	Button text (overrides shortcode content)
`new_tab`	boolean	`false`	Whether to open link in new tab
`style`	string	`primary`	Button style: `primary`, `secondary`, `outline`, `ghost`
`size`	string	`md`	Button size: `sm`, `md`, `lg`, `xl`
`align`	string	`left`	Button alignment: `left`, `center`, `right`
`icon`	string	-	Icon name from
`icon_position`	string	`left`	Icon position: `left`, `right`
`rounded`	string	`md`	Border radius: `sm`, `md`, `lg`, `xl`, `full`
`disabled`	boolean	`false`	Whether button should be disabled

Security Features

The button shortcode automatically handles security for external links:

External links get rel="noreferrer" attribute
External links opening in new tab get rel="noopener noreferrer"
Internal links opening in new tab get rel="noopener"

This ensures safe navigation while maintaining functionality.

Accessibility

The button shortcode includes built-in accessibility features:

Proper role="button" attribute
aria-label support
Keyboard focus indicators
High contrast focus rings
Disabled state handling

Callouts

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Hugo Blox supports GitHub and Obsidian-style Markdown callouts for maximum compatibility and content portability.

Callouts are a useful feature to draw attention to important or related content such as notes, hints, or warnings in your articles.

Usage

Basic Callout Types

Hugo Blox supports all 15+ callout types from :

Information & Notes:

> [!NOTE]
> This is a note callout with important information that users should know.

Note

This is a note callout with important information that users should know.

> [!INFO]
> Alternative info callout - same styling as NOTE.

Info

Alternative info callout - same styling as NOTE.

> [!ABSTRACT]
> Use for abstracts, summaries, or TL;DR sections.

Abstract

Use for abstracts, summaries, or TL;DR sections.

Actions & Tasks:

> [!TODO]
> This is something that needs to be done.

Todo

This is something that needs to be done.

> [!TIP]
> Here's a helpful tip to make your workflow more efficient!

Tip

Here’s a helpful tip to make your workflow more efficient!

> [!SUCCESS]
> Great job! This operation completed successfully.

Success

Great job! This operation completed successfully.

Questions & Interactive:

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Question

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> [!EXAMPLE]
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Example

Here’s a practical example of how to implement this feature.

> [!QUOTE]
> "The best way to predict the future is to invent it." - Alan Kay

Quote

“The best way to predict the future is to invent it.” - Alan Kay

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Warning

Be careful! This action might have unexpected consequences.

> [!CAUTION]
> Danger! This operation is irreversible and could cause data loss.

Caution

Danger! This operation is irreversible and could cause data loss.

> [!IMPORTANT]
> This is critical information that users must understand to proceed.

Important

This is critical information that users must understand to proceed.

> [!DANGER]
> This is extremely dangerous - proceed with extreme caution!

Danger

This is extremely dangerous - proceed with extreme caution!

> [!FAILURE]
> This operation failed. Check your configuration and try again.

Failure

This operation failed. Check your configuration and try again.

> [!BUG]
> Known issue: This feature doesn't work properly in Safari < 14.

Bug

Known issue: This feature doesn’t work properly in Safari < 14.

Custom Titles

You can customize the title of any callout:

> [!WARNING]+ Custom Warning Title
> This warning has a custom title instead of just "Warning".

Custom Warning Title

This warning has a custom title instead of just “Warning”.

Legacy Syntax (Deprecated)

The old shortcode syntax still works but shows a deprecation warning:

{{< callout note >}}
This still works but is deprecated. Use the Markdown syntax above!
{{< /callout >}}

CSS Customization

Hugo Blox generates callouts with semantic CSS classes and data attributes, making customization easy. Each callout has:

Base class: .callout
Type-specific data attribute: data-callout="note"
Component classes: .callout-icon, .callout-title, .callout-content, .callout-body

Custom CSS Example (add to your assets/css/custom.css):

/* Customize NOTE callouts */
.callout[data-callout="note"] {
 border-left-width: 8px;
 box-shadow: 0 4px 6px -1px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.1);
}

/* Make SUCCESS callouts pulse */
.callout[data-callout="success"] {
 animation: pulse 2s infinite;
}

/* Custom icon styling */
.callout-icon svg {
 transition: transform 0.2s;
}

.callout:hover .callout-icon svg {
 transform: scale(1.1);
}

/* Dark mode overrides */
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
 .callout[data-callout="warning"] {
 background-color: rgb(92 25 2);
 border-color: rgb(245 158 11);
 }
}

This approach matches , ensuring your styles work across platforms.

Benefits of the New Syntax

Portable: Works with GitHub, Obsidian, and other Markdown editors
Standard: Uses widely-adopted Markdown callout syntax
Clean: No Hugo-specific shortcodes needed
Future-proof: Supported by the latest Hugo versions (0.132.0+)
Customizable: Semantic CSS classes and data attributes for easy styling
Complete: All 15+ Obsidian callout types supported
Multilingual: Callout titles are automatically translated based on your site’s language (and can be customized in the language packs)

Cards

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A Hugo extension to create cards. Cards can be shown as links or as plain text.

Usage

Learn Shortcodes A card without an icon or link

is rendered by:

{{< cards >}}
 {{< card url="../callout" title="Callout" icon="academic-cap" >}}
 {{< card url="" title="A card without an icon" >}}
{{< /cards >}}

Options

Parameter	Description
`icon`	Name of the icon. Defaults to
`title`	Title heading for the card.
`subtitle`	Subtitle heading (supports Markdown).
`url`	URL

Internationalization (i18n)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Hugo Blox enables you to easily edit the interface text as well as translating your site into multiple languages using Hugo’s feature.

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Spoilers

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A Hugo shortcode to toggle collapsible content.

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Click to view the spoiler

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Markdown is supported.

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{{< spoiler text="Click to view the spoiler" >}}

This is the content of the details.

Markdown is **supported**.

{{< /spoiler >}}

Steps

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Display a series of steps, such as for a tutorial.

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The first step here…

Step 2

The second step here…

Step 3

The third step here…

Usage

Use the Markdown level-3 headings to represent step titles within the steps shortcode:

{{% steps %}}

### Step 1

The first step here...

### Step 2

The second step here...

### Step 3

The third step here...

{{% /steps %}}

Dr. Schmank's Academic Website

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